Editing North Korea–South Korea relations (section)

==Sunshine and shadow==
[[File:Comparison of life expectancy in South and North Koreas.png|thumb|Comparison of [[life expectancy]] in South and North Koreas]]
The end of the Cold War brought [[North Korean famine|economic crisis]] to North Korea and led to expectations that reunification was imminent.<ref>{{cite book| title = Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History| last = Cumings| first = Bruce| author-link = Bruce Cumings| year = 2005| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32702-7 |page=509}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n183 173]–76}}</ref> North Koreans began to flee to the South in increasing numbers. According to official statistics there were 561 defectors living in South Korea in 1995, and over 10,000 in 2007.<ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n178 164]}}</ref>

In December 1991 both states made an accord, the Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, Exchange and Cooperation, pledging non-aggression and cultural and economic exchanges. They also agreed on prior notification of major military movements and established a military [[hotline]], and working on replacing the armistice with a "peace regime".<ref name=wp-19911213>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/12/13/two-koreas-pledge-to-end-aggression/d104ab96-1a85-4024-8b61-bf9e43d779eb/ |title=Two Koreas pledge to end aggression |last=Blustein |first=Paul |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=13 December 1991 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=nyt-19911213>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/koreas-sign-pact-renouncing-force-in-a-step-to-unity.html |title=Koreas sign Pact renouncing force in a step to unity |author=David E. Sanger |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 December 1991 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=state-19911213>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/ac/rls/or/2004/31012.htm |title=Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonagression and Exchanges And Cooperation Between the South and the North |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=13 December 1991 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

In 1994, concern over [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea's nuclear program]] led to the [[Agreed Framework]] between the US and North Korea.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=68, 76}}</ref>

In 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung announced a [[Sunshine Policy]] towards North Korea. Despite [[First Battle of Yeonpyeong|a naval clash in 1999]], this led in June 2000, to the first [[Inter-Korean summits|Inter-Korean summit]], between Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong Il.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/165 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/165 165, 180] }}</ref> As a result, Kim Dae-jung was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n175 161]}}</ref> The summit was followed in August by a family reunion.<ref name="Choe 2014"/> In September, the North and South Korean teams marched together at the [[Sydney Olympics]].<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n189 179]}}</ref> Trade increased to the point where South Korea became North Korea's largest trading partner.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=107}}</ref> Starting in 1998, the [[Mount Kumgang Tourist Region]] was developed as a joint venture between the North Korean government and [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/179 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/179 179–80] }}</ref> In 2003, the [[Kaesong Industrial Region]] was established to allow South Korean businesses to invest in the North.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=107–08}}</ref> In the early 2000s South Korea ceased infiltrating its agents into the North.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/12709883|script-title=ko:[현장 속으로] 돌아오지 못한 북파공작원 7726명|date=28 September 2013|website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]}}</ref>

US President [[George W Bush]], however, did not support the Sunshine Policy and in 2002 branded North Korea as a member of an [[Axis of Evil]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History| last = Cumings| first = Bruce| author-link = Bruce Cumings| year = 2005| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32702-7 |page=504}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=112}}</ref>

Continuing concerns about North Korea's potential to develop nuclear missiles led in 2003 to the [[six-party talks]] that included North Korea, South Korea, the US, Russia, China, and Japan.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=124–25}}</ref> In 2006, however, North Korea resumed testing missiles and on 9 October conducted its [[2006 North Korean nuclear test|first nuclear test]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=132–33}}</ref>

The [[June 15th North–South Joint Declaration|15 June 2000 Joint Declaration]] that the two leaders signed during the first [[Inter-Korean summit|South-North summit]] stated that they would hold the second summit at an appropriate time. It was originally envisaged that the second summit would be held in South Korea, but that did not happen. South Korean President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] walked across the DMZ on 2 October 2007 and traveled on to Pyongyang for talks with Kim Jong Il.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7023079.stm Korean leaders in historic talks], BBC, Tuesday, 2 October 2007, 10:14 GMT</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7023270.stm In pictures: Historic crossing], BBC, 2 October 2007, 10:15 GMT</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7022080.stm Mixed feelings over Koreas summit], BBC, 2 October 2007, 10:17 GMT</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/10/01/koreas.summit/index.html Kim greets Roh in Pyongyang before historic summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109070221/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/10/01/koreas.summit/index.html |date=9 November 2007 }}, CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2007.</ref>
The two sides reaffirmed the spirit of 15 June Joint Declaration and had discussions on various issues related to realizing the advancement of south–north relations, peace on the Korean Peninsula, common prosperity of the people and the unification of Korea. On 4 October 2007, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong Il signed a peace declaration. The document called for international talks to replace the [[s:Korean Armistice Agreement|Armistice]] which ended the [[Korean War]] with a permanent peace treaty.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7027236.stm Korean leaders issue peace call], BBC, 4 October 2007.</ref>

During this period political developments were reflected in art. The films ''[[Shiri (film)|Shiri]]'', in 1999, and ''[[Joint Security Area (film)|Joint Security Area]]'', in 2000, gave sympathetic representations of North Koreans.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/184 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/184 184–85] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n177 163]}}</ref>